Nursing Theory

Question 1 A). Describe in your own words what you believe nursing is? -Nursing is responsible to look after sick and injured people . It is a duty of care to assess, planned ,help what their needs to keep them healthy ,comfortable and happy. A nurse must have ability to ensure their knowledge , skills ,and experience and confident to ensure their profession. B). Provide an overview of each Nursing Theory. -Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory (Orem) Dorothy Orem’s self care deficit theory, general theory of nursing is one of the host widely used model in nursing today. In 1914,Orem was born in Baltimore ,Maryland. She received her nursing diploma in the early 1930’s from Providence Hospital School of Nursing ,Washington D. C. In addition to earning a BSN Ed. (1939) and MSN Ed. (1945), She has received three honorary doctorates and an Alumni Achievement Award For Nursing Theory in 1980 from Catholic University of America. (Hartweg,1995). In 1978, Orem (citied in Faucett, 2005) connected that the task required in dentification of the domain and boundaries of nursing as a science and an art . After reflecting upon her own nursing experience, Orem says then answer . come to her as a flash of in sight an understanding that the reason why individuals could benefit from anything was the existence of self care limitations. -Interpersonal relations Model (Peplau) In 1952 Hildegard Peplau made an attempt to analyse nursing action using an interpersonal Page1 Theoretical framework. Her theory focuses on the relationship formed by people as they progress through each development stage. She viewed the goal of nursing as developing a relationship between the nurse and client whereby the nurse acts as resource person, counselor, teacher and surrogate. -Complementary-Supplementary model (Henderson) In 1964 Virginia Henderson described the goal of nursing as helping the client to gain independence as rapidly as possible and defined nursing as assisting the individual sick or well ,in the performance of those activities contributing to health, is recovery promoting quality of life or to a peaceful death that the client would perform unaided if he or she had the necessary strength, will or knowledge. Henderson identified 14 basic needs that provide a framework for nursing care. These are breathe normally, eat and drink adequately, eliminate by all avenues of elimination, move and maintain a desirable position, sleep and rest, select suitable clothing, dress, and undress, maintain body temperature within normal range, keep the clean and well groomed, avoid dangers in the environment, communicate with others, workship according to faith, work at something that provides a sense of accomplishment, play or participate in various forms of recreation, learn, discover or satisfy the curiosity that leads to normal development and health. hrough each development stage. She viewed the goal of nursing as developing a relationship between Nursing theory The patient in this case has a condition that puts him at risk for illness and injury. uk/nursing-scientific-management-and-frederick-taylor/">A nursing theory is a conceptualization of some aspects of nursing communicated for the purpose of describing, explaining, predicting and or prescribing nursing care (Jacqueline, 2001). Imogene king’s theory focuses more specifically on the events and the phenomena of the discipline and is specific enough to contribute on a sound basis for achieving an effective behavioral outcome in this case study. Applications of these theories in practice depend on the awareness, understanding and research on their interrelationships (Patricia A Potter, 2005). The American Nurses Association (ANA) is a full-service professional organization representing the nation's entire registered nurse population. The ANA represents the interests of the nation's 2.7 million registered nurses through its 54 constituent state and territorial associations and over 150,000 members. It is dedicated to ensuring that an adequate supply of highly skilled and well-educated nurses is available in USA. ANA is also committed to meeting the needs of nurses as well as health care consumers (http://www.nursingworld.org). Imogene King (Jacqueline, 2001) formulated a goal attainment theory which focuses on three dynamic interacting systems namely, personal, interpersonal and social systems.   According to this theory, a personal relationship occurs between the client and the nurse, and this nurse-client relationship is the vehicle for the delivery of nursing care, which is defined as a dynamic interpersonal process (Jacqueline, 2001).   This theory emphasizes on the fact that the nurse and the client are affected by each other’s behavior and it is duty of the nurse to maintain this interpersonal process. King's Goal Attainment Theory involves a process where the nurse and the patient mutually communicate information, establish goals, and take action to obtain the common goals. This theory is about the interpersonal process where two people, usually strangers come together in a health care organization to obtain their health goals. This goal attainment theory is based on personal and interpersonal systems, which includes interaction, communication, transaction, role, stress, growth and development, time and space. Goal attainment in this model is achieved through a goal-oriented nursing record, which is composed of five major elements namely, a database, a problem list, a goal list, a plan and progress notes. Active participation of the client in the process of goal setting and goal achievement are the major strengths of this model. This model framework is useful for nurses in social interactions with clients. This theory is based on the principle that each individual (client) brings to an interaction a different set of values, ideas, attitudes, perceptions to exchange  and the other person (nurse) receives this information and processes it. Thus, these two individuals mutually identify goals and the means to achieve them. In this interaction process they reach an agreement about how to attain these goals and then set about to realize them (Jacqueline, 2001). According to King’s theory, Patient participation with the elements of communication, expression, interaction with the nurse is the most important factor, which keeps alive the interpersonal process of personal relationship. This brings the nurse and the patient to a common goal and both of them strive to achieve this common goal. This is supported by the strategies, the nurse record of the outcomes and the statistical analysis of the data. CONCLUSION Thus today Nursing is a profession rather than a vocation. Nursing as a profession accounts for its conscientious, knowledgeable and responsible actions.   The profession has extended education avenues, a body of knowledge leading to defined skills, an ability to provide specific service, professional autonomy to make decisions governed by a code of ethics (Patricia A Potter, 2005). The theoretical models have served as frameworks for nursing curriculum and practice by increasing the scientific basis of nursing practice and in USA, ANA has been continuing its efforts to expand the scientific and research base for nursing practice, for the collective bargaining rights and workplace advocacy for all nurses, to gain better compensation and better working conditions for nurses, and to implement new ways in which nursing services can be delivered to respond to current and future demands for cost-effective, quality health care ( http://www.nursingworld.org ).It Strives to shape the future of healthcare through excellence in nursing education using education, science and technology to improve health. REFERENCE Jacqueline, â€Å"The Nurse Theorists-21st century updates†, Nursing science quarterly, Volume 14, 4; 311, 2001. Patricia A Potter, Anne Griffin Perry, Fundamentals of Nursing, 6th edition, Mosby, 2005. Ruth L.E. Murray, Marjorie Baier, ‘King's conceptual framework applied to a transitional living program’, Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, Vol. 32, 1996. http://www.nursingworld.org/about/mission.htm Nursing Theory Question 1 A). Describe in your own words what you believe nursing is? -Nursing is responsible to look after sick and injured people . It is a duty of care to assess, planned ,help what their needs to keep them healthy ,comfortable and happy. A nurse must have ability to ensure their knowledge , skills ,and experience and confident to ensure their profession. B). Provide an overview of each Nursing Theory. -Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory (Orem) Dorothy Orem’s self care deficit theory, general theory of nursing is one of the host widely used model in nursing today. In 1914,Orem was born in Baltimore ,Maryland. She received her nursing diploma in the early 1930’s from Providence Hospital School of Nursing ,Washington D. C. In addition to earning a BSN Ed. (1939) and MSN Ed. (1945), She has received three honorary doctorates and an Alumni Achievement Award For Nursing Theory in 1980 from Catholic University of America. (Hartweg,1995). In 1978, Orem (citied in Faucett, 2005) connected that the task required in dentification of the domain and boundaries of nursing as a science and an art . After reflecting upon her own nursing experience, Orem says then answer . come to her as a flash of in sight an understanding that the reason why individuals could benefit from anything was the existence of self care limitations. -Interpersonal relations Model (Peplau) In 1952 Hildegard Peplau made an attempt to analyse nursing action using an interpersonal Page1 Theoretical framework. Her theory focuses on the relationship formed by people as they progress through each development stage. She viewed the goal of nursing as developing a relationship between the nurse and client whereby the nurse acts as resource person, counselor, teacher and surrogate. -Complementary-Supplementary model (Henderson) In 1964 Virginia Henderson described the goal of nursing as helping the client to gain independence as rapidly as possible and defined nursing as assisting the individual sick or well ,in the performance of those activities contributing to health, is recovery promoting quality of life or to a peaceful death that the client would perform unaided if he or she had the necessary strength, will or knowledge. Henderson identified 14 basic needs that provide a framework for nursing care. These are breathe normally, eat and drink adequately, eliminate by all avenues of elimination, move and maintain a desirable position, sleep and rest, select suitable clothing, dress, and undress, maintain body temperature within normal range, keep the clean and well groomed, avoid dangers in the environment, communicate with others, workship according to faith, work at something that provides a sense of accomplishment, play or participate in various forms of recreation, learn, discover or satisfy the curiosity that leads to normal development and health. hrough each development stage. She viewed the goal of nursing as developing a relationship between Nursing Theory Question 1 A). Describe in your own words what you believe nursing is? -Nursing is responsible to look after sick and injured people . It is a duty of care to assess, planned ,help what their needs to keep them healthy ,comfortable and happy. A nurse must have ability to ensure their knowledge , skills ,and experience and confident to ensure their profession. B). Provide an overview of each Nursing Theory. -Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory (Orem) Dorothy Orem’s self care deficit theory, general theory of nursing is one of the host widely used model in nursing today. In 1914,Orem was born in Baltimore ,Maryland. She received her nursing diploma in the early 1930’s from Providence Hospital School of Nursing ,Washington D. C. In addition to earning a BSN Ed. (1939) and MSN Ed. (1945), She has received three honorary doctorates and an Alumni Achievement Award For Nursing Theory in 1980 from Catholic University of America. (Hartweg,1995). In 1978, Orem (citied in Faucett, 2005) connected that the task required in dentification of the domain and boundaries of nursing as a science and an art . After reflecting upon her own nursing experience, Orem says then answer . come to her as a flash of in sight an understanding that the reason why individuals could benefit from anything was the existence of self care limitations. -Interpersonal relations Model (Peplau) In 1952 Hildegard Peplau made an attempt to analyse nursing action using an interpersonal Page1 Theoretical framework. Her theory focuses on the relationship formed by people as they progress through each development stage. She viewed the goal of nursing as developing a relationship between the nurse and client whereby the nurse acts as resource person, counselor, teacher and surrogate. -Complementary-Supplementary model (Henderson) In 1964 Virginia Henderson described the goal of nursing as helping the client to gain independence as rapidly as possible and defined nursing as assisting the individual sick or well ,in the performance of those activities contributing to health, is recovery promoting quality of life or to a peaceful death that the client would perform unaided if he or she had the necessary strength, will or knowledge. Henderson identified 14 basic needs that provide a framework for nursing care. These are breathe normally, eat and drink adequately, eliminate by all avenues of elimination, move and maintain a desirable position, sleep and rest, select suitable clothing, dress, and undress, maintain body temperature within normal range, keep the clean and well groomed, avoid dangers in the environment, communicate with others, workship according to faith, work at something that provides a sense of accomplishment, play or participate in various forms of recreation, learn, discover or satisfy the curiosity that leads to normal development and health. hrough each development stage. She viewed the goal of nursing as developing a relationship between

Song of Bernadette

The Song of Bernadette Franz Werfel’s, The Song of Bernadette tells the story of Saint Bernadette Soubirous. The movie Was directed by the American screenwriter, George Seaton and released in 1943, only two years after the book was published. In 1943, The Song of Bernadette was awarded four Ocsars for: Best Actress in a Leading Role, Best Art Direction-Interior Decoration, Best Cinematography, and Best Music. I believe that George Seaton’s goal for the film was not only to give the novel visual content, but to also spread the word of Saint Bernadette, Lourdes, and to give his opinion on atheism.At the beginning of the film, Seaton quotes, â€Å"For those who believe in God, no explanation is necessary. For those who do not believe in God, no explanation is possible. † I believe this quote plays a big role in The Song of Bernadette, being that most of the people that do not believe that Bernadette sees the Virgin Mary portray atheist and atheism. The Song of Berna dette was filmed in black and white. The shadowing in the movie was very good. It helped you visualize the film better and adds detail to the movie being that it is in black and white.The lighting also helps portray that the woman Bernadette sees is, in fact, something extraordinary. Whenever she appears in the film, she is always bright. I think the actors that played in The Song of Bernadette played their rolls very well. Jennifer Jones was a great in the film as the main character, Bernadette. Gladys Cooper did an amazing job as Sister Marie. Charles Bickford also did a great job for the part of Father Peyramale. Like I said, everyone did a great job, but those three character just stand out for me. In The Song of Bernadette, there are many of God moments, particularly being that the film is religious.I believe one of the first God moments is when Bernadette sees the lady for the first time. After she sees her, Bernadette just walks right through the river that was freezing cold just moments ago. Another God moment is when Father Peyramale tells Bernadette to ask the lady to make the roses bloom early. When she does, she is asked to wash from the water by the lady, but not from the river. Bernadette decides to go in the cave and dig in the from the ground and begins washing(dirtying) her face with dirt from the hole she had dug up.Nothing happens to the roses after that moment, so some people lose believe in Bernadette and leave but Water begins flowing from the hole she dug and when drank or bathed in the water it preformed miracles. The last God moment is when Sister Marie Therese Vauzous calls out Bernadette for not suffering, and that God should have chosen her because she has suffered. Little did she know Bernadette was indeed suffering from Tuberculosis of the bone, which causes intense pain, and had never complained about it.At the end of the movie conversion and change is made by Prosecutor Vital Dutour when we find out he has cancer to the throat. Dutour goes to the well and asks Bernadette to pray for him, when throughout the whole movie he does not believe Bernadette and even portrays the atheism in movie. In the movie there are many of crosses that are religious symbols. I believe that the church appeared to be well. The characters that exemplifies Christ are Bernadette, the sisters, the Priests, and the Virgin Mary. I do not believe that religion was misused at all in The Song of Bernadette.I did enjoy the film. I can honestly say, I’m not that in to religious films, but I really did like this one. Something about it kept my attention, and in my case it is pretty hard for me to keep interest in movies because I’m not a big fan of watching movies, but The Song of Bernadette definitely kept me interested throughout the whole movie. I think that The Song of Bernadette can relate to anyone that has ever doubted something or not believed something. I would most certainly watch this again if it would ever come on television and I happen to be watching.

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 13

Assignment Example At the weak ends, the demand is expected to touch 2300 Kg. During the period November to January the demand is expected to double due to celebrations, Christmas and New Year. First and foremst it is imprtant to meet the increased demand on weak ends. This is done by increasing regular production from average of about 1500 Kg of cakes during Monday-Friday and by maintaining a buffer stock of extra 500 Kg of cakes (not older than 24 hour old stock) of different types. The stock is build out of leftover cakes from sales (not older than 24 hour). The time left out of 8-Hour shift (8 Hours- 7Hours 20 Minutes = 40 minutes) is utilized to pre-process ingredients using Step-2 and Step-3 and keep the material ready for Step-4. This saves 70 minutes of normal days [3 stations for Step-1(120/3=40 minutes) and 2 steps of Step-2 (60/2=30 minutes). Total time saved for a working day: 70 minutes. Thus, ten days buffer stock of pre-processed material is maintained. Two-way information flow between workers and managers is essential for the enterprise success. Orders from customers are received and entered into order book. Vital information from last week average sales are also used to decide the production for the next day. Their awareness and training on a particular issue concerning ingredients, process, production, qu(Cakes freshness being very important, any batch produced must be sold out within 24 hours of its production). antity, quality etc. The firm has several processes which are controlled by some or the other technologies. These technological resources help speed up the process of production with precision, accuracy, and help maintain quality of the product made. Some of the technologies used and their importance is covered

Management accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Management accounting - Essay Example This is the portion of overhead cost variance that arises due to the actual variable overheads differing from the allowed variable overhead. This arises when the company uses more time to manufacture the product due to defects in production. This arises due to actual number of units sold differing from the budgeted number of units at standard sales margin per unit this may be due to increased taste and preference of consumers, or increase in quality and advertisements. SMPV arises as a result of real selling charge differing from the standard selling cost. This is influenced by prices of competitors, demand for the product or even the price of compliments to the product. Traditionally, overheads have been absorbed to products based on direct labour hours used direct labour cost machine hours utilized or number of units produced. This traditional method of absorbing overheads emerged when factor overhead constituted a small proportion of the manufacturing cost. There was an assumption of a linear relationship between the volume of production and the use of this activity basis. However overheads have recently grown significantly as a proportion of production cost in a decline in direct labour cost and the computerization of the production or manufacturing systems. Consequently, the relevance of continued use of the traditional overhead costing method has been watered with the emergence of new methods of production such as robotic technologies. Flexible manufacturing systems, computer manufacturing kaizen costing and activity based costing. Activity based costing is the cost attribution to cost units on the basis of the benefit the product receives from the activity performed such as ordering, material receiving and handling, setting up machines, scheduling of jobs or assurance of quality. ABC argues that overheads are incurred because of the activities being performed to

Dossier, Terrorism Intelligence report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Dossier, Terrorism Intelligence report - Essay Example Both Al Qaeda and Jemaah Islamiya are founded on universal Islamic precepts of jihad and brotherhood. Hence, the role of their leaders is secondary to their message. For instance, even when Al Qaeda’s leader in Iraq Abu Musab al-Zarqawi was assassinated, there was no cessation in the local insurgency. Similarly, there is no conclusive evidence that Osama bin Laden is alive, yet the numbers of terror attacks targeted at western interests have seen an unprecedented rise since the events of September 11. Also, the Southeast Asian region is populated by numerous militant Islamist outfits, whose ideologies are nearly the same. The threat posed to Australian interests in Southeast Asia comes from small and marginalized groups who are spread all across the region. Alongside Jemaah Islamiah (JI) in Malaysia, Singapore, and Indonesia; â€Å"we have the Kumpulan Mujahidin Malaysia; and al-Maunah in Malaysia; the Abu Sayaff in the southern Philippines; Pattani United Liberation Organiza tion in southern Thailand; and Laskar Jihad, Majlis Mujahideen, and Islamic Defenders' Front in Indonesia.† Hence the security measures taken by the Australian government should not confine itself to a particular militant entity, but should focus on the broader phenomenon of global Jihad.The present wave of Islamic revivalism and the rise of Islamic fundamentalism across the world originated during the 1970s. The movement started as a reaction to the disillusionment and failure associated with modern neo-liberal economic policies.

Positivism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Positivism - Essay Example Legal systems are not static, immutable structures but rather mutable, and ever-changing organisms. The fact that they are constantly changing means that some constancy as regards to the need to obey the "rules" of a legal system is needed. Otherwise there is chaos. The apparent paradox within the idea that "the mere fact that a rule is just or reasonable will not make it a law" and also, "nor does the injustice of a rule demonstrate that it is not a law" is in fact satisfied by an understanding that laws are, by their nature, limited in scope. Laws cover a finite number of situations whereas the experience of life for the series of individual human beings that make up a society is infinite. Thus it might well be "just" and/or "reasonable" to have a rule that people should be "kind to one another", but this will not make such a law feasible. Conversely, a rule that says that people of different races cannot marry (as occurred in the US South) is not made invalid as a law just because it is unjust. The morality (or otherwise) of a rule is, within the positivist sense, irrelevant to whether or not it is a law. It is a law because it is held within a complex legal structure that defines it as "law". If laws are essentially arbitrary in nature, why should citizens of ... The citizen gives up his "freedom" to do whatever he wants, and thus to break certain laws, in exchange for the government's promise to protect his/her safety. Thus a citizen stops at a red light - thus giving up his innate "freedom" to pass through it - in exchange for the government enforcing red light laws that will enable him to safely drive down the street when the light turns green. This is a very 'modern' theory of obedience to rules and laws, based as it is upon the idea that the government and its people have essentially mutual interests. Within Rousseau's vision, the State clearly exists to serve the People. Some earlier theories of jurisprudence relied upon more authoritarian principles of law obedience that, despite their age, still have relevance today. John Austin, with his The Province of Jurisprudence Determined (1832) suggested the idea of "habitual obedience", that is obedience given to a sovereign (or perhaps elected government) based upon a fear of sanctions. Crudely, people obey the law because they fear the consequences if they do not. On a superficial level Austin's ideas seem self-evident: people do avoid breaking the law because of the consequences if they do on an individual level. However, if a whole system of laws is based solely (or nearly completely) on "habitual obedience" then it is by nature fragile and ripe for change. A frightened people has no loyalty to the system of laws other than that which is forced upon them. If they get the chance to successfully rise up, or if another member of the ruling class sees a chance at taking over, then it is likely to occur. Habitual obedience occurs within totalitarian states and dictatorships, but these are often short-lived, while superficially

Implications of Automating the Seat Switch Substrate Production Assignment

Implications of Automating the Seat Switch Substrate Production Process - Assignment Example The purpose of this report is to analyze the benefits that would accrue to the firm when it adapts automation process in the production of seat switch substrate. Advantages of adopting automation will see a reduction of cost and an ease in the achievement of demand. After reviewing whether to outsource a manufacturing company for automation or use our own team for the automation, it was found that our own team is the best in terms of value for money. The investigation of automating seat switch substrate production process considered the merits and demerits that will accrue to the incorporation, the cost of automating and implications to the employees. The automotive industry has experienced numerous changes over the years. Until the mid-1970s, North America vehicle assemblers designed the whole product, including parts and some of the machinery used to produce them. There was a very minimal role played by external players in parts design and testing. Factors such as increased competi tion, globalization, and popularity of foreign vehicles led the automobiles to rely on suppliers. Polymer Technologies Inc. was started in1985 as a tool and die shop, in 1996 it was struggling financially and could make annual sales of $9 million and was losing money. This prompted Polymer to change its strategy and began making integrated metal and plastic to produce higher margin switches, relays, electromechanical products and decorative products for the automobile industry. The company worked closely with its customers, and the company’s automation group has been a key player in making test equipment which was crucial in quality control. Seat switch is an integral component of power automobile seats, the product controlled seat movements by translating instructions from the driver-or passenger –controlled switches into a signal to motors which moved the seat.

Violence In Philadelphia Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 1

Violence In Philadelphia - Research Paper Example The society is headed for ethical and societal deterioration due to such criminal activities and lawlessness. Several organizations and centers have come into action to improve the conditions of the city by improving the morale and anger-management in the youth. These intend to improve the upcoming generations and simultaneously control the violence in Philadelphia. Apart from this, numerous pointers have also been identified by the local residents of Philadelphia through a community forum. These include law enforcement and severe penalties for those in defiance of the law. It also encourages the parental involvement in children’s lives in order to exercise control over them. Some have recognized the publicity of horrors the families of the unfortunate victims go through in order to make them realize the extent of these activities. An opinion has also arrived about controlling unwanted pregnancies by teenagers. The unwanted children have also become a factor of breeding hatred in the generations. Philadelphia is a one of the largest and most populous cities of Northeastern United States, lying in the Common Wealth of Pennsylvania. It was once the capital of United States before the capital was shifted to Washington. Philadelphia is said to be enriched with cultural and traditional background, historical occurrences and symbolism. Philadelphia is known by other names as well like â€Å"Philly† and â€Å"City of Brotherly Love†. According to a source, â€Å"(Philadelphia) is the sixth most populous city in the US, fifth largest city area by population in the US, and the US’s fourth largest consumer media market† (Pennsylvania). It is believed that 1.5 million people reside in the city alone. Philadelphia has contributed immensely to the American history, serving as the grounds for American Revolution and American Independence efforts initiated by Benjamin Franklin back in the 18th century. It was

Best Buy's Code of Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Best Buy's Code of Ethics - Essay Example 34). Best Buy (2009) defines ethics as â€Å"putting principles into action,† which to the company is a matter of integrity and self-restraint (p. 1). Aiming â€Å"to be a responsible, values-driven global enterprise,† (p. 6), Best Buy declares its values into four strong statements: (1) â€Å"unleash the power of our people;† (2) â€Å"learn from challenge and change;† (3) â€Å"show respect, humility and integrity;† and (4) â€Å"have fun while being the best† (p. 5). These are achieved through mutual partnership, honest and accurate information, respect for employees’ autonomy, recognition of work, strict observance of confidentiality, zero-tolerance on retaliation, responsibility to stakeholders, respect for diversity, legal compliances, health and safety in the workplace, respect for the physical environment, financial integrity, fair competition, corporate social responsibility, protection and proper use of company assets, and pr otecting intellectual property. These values are well-ingrained in the companies stated responsibilities: Responsibility to each other – deals with the company’s internal environment, ranging from the relationship of management to employees, employees to the company, and employees to their co-employees; responsibility to customers – tackles the company’s ethics in advertising, market distribution, and relationship with diverse customers; responsibility to shareholders – emphasizes financial integrity, transparency, and the safeguarding of the company’s assets; responsibility to business associates – highlights fair competition and conflict of interest; responsibility to communities – spells out the company’s corporate social responsibility and its legal and responsible global operations; and the special obligations of employees with financial reporting responsibilities -- stresses honesty, accountability, compliance, obj ectivity, promptness, and full disclosure. Following Takamine’s Justice Model, which integrated both the Blanchard-Peale Model and Velasquez Model (Takamine, Date, p. 38), Best Buy’s code of ethic

Media and Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Media and Society - Essay Example In the case of children Chaves describes that children who have a greater exposure to violent movies choose to play violent games whereas others who do not watch television do not follow the same pattern. This clearly indicates that there is a very strong relationship between a person's behavior and his exposure to media. To further evidence this Wilson's researches are also very useful. Wilson in his research has referred to the Social cognitive theory according to which a child learns and absorbs whatever he sees and is exposed to and modifies his behavior accordingly. Wilson supported his statement by saying that children are really impressed by the super heroes and they try to act like them and as the super heroes have an aggressive behavior hence the children also do. These findings are even more supported by the experiments carried by Hussmann who collected two groups of children exposing one of them to violent movies whereas the other group was not. It was then analyzed that t he children exposed to violent movies developed an aggressive behavior whereas the others did not (Wilson). Media not only affects the behavior of a person but also his habits. Attractive advertisements of different foods attract a person and hence drive a person to eating different types of junk foods. Hence according to chaves such exposure has led to greater instances of obesity. According to chaves experiments media has also played a role in the increased number of smokers belonging to all age groups. The different promotions in magazines, internet and the televisions have grabbed the minds of many viewers and especially children who easily get fascinated while watching people they adore smoking and hence develop such habits themselves. In a similar manner this has also led to an increase in alcohol consumption and use of drugs. Though there is not much evidence to support the fact that media has also driven into early sexual activity but Chaves believed that this is also one of the negative impact that the media has created. Things that were considered to be difficult to talk about are now more easily communicated and talked about because of the exposure to media. Apart from obesity media has also led to other medical problems. Women who become obsessed with models try to become like them and the drive to become slim like them makes them psychological patients pushing them towards anorexia. Heroines and models have started to make females more conscious of their physical appearance than before and this can be harmful for many of them leading to many psychological problems. Wilson gave strong evidences that violence is very common in today's world. Wilson observed that news is the most common mean of media which exposes violence. This argument clearly shows that according to the writer our society is full of violence and aggressive behaviors since the news exposes the real but exaggerated picture of our society and crimes. The exposure of such crimes and violent behaviors are resulting in violent and aggressive attitudes of youth and is continuously harming our

The Rory Gilmore Reading List Essay Example for Free

The Rory Gilmore Reading List Essay The Rory Gilmore Reading Challenge: The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain Alice in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier Clay by Michael Chabon An American Tragedy by Theodore Dreiser Angela’s Ashes by Frank McCourt Anna Karenina by Leo Tolstoy Anne Frank: The Diary of a Young Girl by Anne Frank Archidamian War by Donald Kagan The Art of Fiction by Henry James The Art of War by Sun Tzu As I Lay Dying by William Faulkner Atonement by Ian McEwan Autobiography of a Face by Lucy Grealy The Awakening by Kate Chopin Babe by Dick King-Smith. Backlash: The Undeclared War Against American Women by Susan Faludi Balzac and the Little Chinese Seamstress by Dai Sijie Bel Canto by Ann Patchett The Bell Jar by Sylvia Plath Beloved by Toni Morrison Beowulf: A New Verse Translation by Seamus Heaney The Bhagava Gita The Bielski Brothers: The True Story of Three Men Who Defied the Nazis, Built a Village in the Forest, and Saved 1,200 Jews by Peter Duffy Bitch in Praise of Difficult Women by Elizabeth Wurtzel A Bolt from the Blue and Other Essays by Mary McCarthy Brave New World by Aldous Huxley Brick Lane by Monica Ali Bridgadoon by Alan Jay Lerner. Candide by Voltaire – read – June 2010 The Canterbury Tales by Chaucer Carrie by Stephen King Catch-22 by Joseph Heller The Catcher in the Rye by J. D. Salinger Charlotte’s Web by E. B. White The Children’s Hour by Lillian Hellman Christine by Stephen King A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens A Clockwork Orange by Anthony Burgess The Code of the Woosters by P. G. Wodehouse The Collected Short Stories by Eudora Welty The Collected Stories of Eudora Welty by Eudora Welty A Comedy of Errors by William Shakespeare Complete Novels by Dawn Powell The Complete Poems by Anne Sexton Complete Stories by Dorothy Parker. A Confederacy of Dunces by John Kennedy Toole The Count of Monte Cristo by Alexandre Dumas Cousin Bette by Honor’e de Balzac Crime and Punishment by Fyodor Dostoevsky The Crimson Petal and the White by Michel Faber The Crucible by Arthur Miller Cujo by Stephen King The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time by Mark Haddon Daisy Miller by Henry James – read – 2013 Daughter of Fortune by Isabel Allende David and Lisa by Dr Theodore Issac Rubin M. D David Copperfield by Charles Dickens The Da Vinci -Code by Dan Brown – read Dead Souls by Nikolai Gogol Demons by Fyodor Dostoyevsky Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller. Deenie by Judy Blume The Devil in the White City: Murder, Magic, and Madness at the Fair that Changed America by Erik Larson The Dirt: Confessions of the World’s Most Notorious Rock Band by Tommy Lee, Vince Neil, Mick Mars and Nikki Sixx The Divine Comedy by Dante The Divine Secrets of the Ya-Ya Sisterhood by Rebecca Wells Don Quijote by Cervantes Driving Miss Daisy by Alfred Uhrv Dr. Jekyll Mr. Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson Edgar Allan Poe: Complete Tales Poems by Edgar Allan Poe Eleanor Roosevelt by Blanche Wiesen Cook The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test by Tom Wolfe Ella Minnow Pea: A Novel in Letters by Mark Dunn. Eloise by Kay Thompson Emily the Strange by Roger Reger Emma by Jane Austen – read Empire Falls by Richard Russo Encyclopedia Brown: Boy Detective by Donald J. Sobol Ethan Frome by Edith Wharton Ethics by Spinoza Europe through the Back Door, 2003 by Rick Steves Eva Luna by Isabel Allende Everything Is Illuminated by Jonathan Safran Foer Extravagance by Gary Krist Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury – started and not finished Fahrenheit 9/11 by Michael Moore The Fall of the Athenian Empire by Donald Kagan Fat Land: How Americans Became the Fattest People in the World by Greg Critser Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas by Hunter S. Thompson The Fellowship of the Ring: Book 1 of The Lord of the Ring by J. R. R. Tolkien Fiddler on the Roof by Joseph Stein The Five People You Meet in Heaven by Mitch Albom Finnegan’s Wake by James Joyce Fletch by Gregory McDonald Flowers for Algernon by Daniel Keyes The Fortress of Solitude by Jonathan Lethem The Fountainhead by Ayn Rand Frankenstein by Mary Shelley Franny and Zooey by J. D. Salinger Freaky Friday by Mary Rodgers Galapagos by Kurt Vonnegut Gender Trouble by Judith Butler George W. Bushism: The Slate Book of the Accidental Wit and Wisdom of our 43rd President by Jacob Weisberg Gidget by Fredrick Kohner. Girl, Interrupted by Susanna Kaysen The Gnostic Gospels by Elaine Pagels The Godfather: Book 1 by Mario Puzo The God of Small Things by Arundhati Roy – started and not finished Goldilocks and the Three Bears by Alvin Granowsky Gone with the Wind by Margaret Mitchell The Good Soldier by Ford Maddox Ford The Gospel According to Judy Bloom The Graduate by Charles Webb The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald Great Expectations by Charles Dickens The Group by Mary McCarthy Hamlet by William Shakespeare Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire by J. K. Rowling Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone by J. K. Rowling A Heartbreaking Work of Staggering Genius by Dave Eggers Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad Helter Skelter: The True Story of the Manson Murders by Vincent Bugliosi and Curt Gentry (TBR) Henry IV, part I by William Shakespeare Henry IV, part II by William Shakespeare Henry V by William Shakespeare High Fidelity by Nick Hornby The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire by Edward Gibbon Holidays on Ice: Stories by David Sedaris The Holy Barbarians by Lawrence Lipton House of Sand and Fog by Andre Dubus III (Lpr). The House of the Spirits by Isabel Allende How to Breathe Underwater by Julie Orringer How the Grinch Stole Christmas by Dr. Seuss How the Light Gets in by M. J. Hyland Howl by Allen Gingsburg The Hunchback of Notre Dame by Victor Hugo The Iliad by Homer I’m with the Band by Pamela des Barres In Cold Blood by Truman Capote Inherit the Wind by Jerome Lawrence and Robert E. Lee Iron Weed by William J. Kennedy It Takes a Village by Hillary Clinton Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte The Joy Luck Club by Amy Tan Julius Caesar by William Shakespeare The Jumping Frog by Mark Twain The Jungle by Upton Sinclair. Just a Couple of Days by Tony Vigorito The Kitchen Boy: A Novel of the Last Tsar by Robert Alexander The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini Lady Chatterleys’ Lover by D. H. Lawrence The Last Empire: Essays 1992-2000 by Gore Vidal Leaves of Grass by Walt Whitman The Legend of Bagger Vance by Steven Pressfield Less Than Zero by Bret Easton Ellis Letters to a Young Poet by Rainer Maria Rilke Lies and the Lying Liars Who Tell Them by Al Franken Life of Pi by Yann Martel The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe by C. S. Lewis Little Dorrit by Charles Dickens The Little Locksmith by Katharine Butler Hathaway. The Little Match Girl by Hans Christian Andersen Little Women by Louisa May Alcott Living History by Hillary Rodham Clinton Lord of the Flies by William Golding The Lottery: And Other Stories by Shirley Jackson The Lovely Bones by Alice Sebold The Love Story by Erich Segal Macbeth by William Shakespeare Madame Bovary by Gustave Flaubert The Manticore by Robertson Davies Marathon Man by William Goldman The Master and Margarita by Mikhail Bulgakov Memoirs of a Dutiful Daughter by Simone de Beauvoir Memoirs of General W. T. Sherman by William Tecumseh Sherman Me Talk Pretty One Day by David Sedaris. The Meaning of Consuelo by Judith Ortiz Cofer Mencken’s Chrestomathy by H. R. Mencken The Merry Wives of Windsro by William Shakespeare The Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka Middlesex by Jeffrey Eugenides The Miracle Worker by William Gibson Moby Dick by Herman Melville The Mojo Collection: The Ultimate Music Companion by Jim Irvin Moliere: A Biography by Hobart Chatfield Taylor A Monetary History of the United States by Milton Friedman Monsieur Proust by Celeste Albaret A Month Of Sundays: Searching For The Spirit And My Sister by Julie Mars A Moveable Feast by Ernest Hemingway Mrs. Dalloway by Virginia Woolf Mutiny on the Bounty by Charles Nordhoff and James Norman Hall My Lai 4: A Report on the Massacre and It’s Aftermath by Seymour M. Hersh My Life as Author and Editor by H. R. Mencken My Life in Orange: Growing Up with the Guru by Tim Guest My Sister’s Keeper by Jodi Picoult – read The Naked and the Dead by Norman Mailer The Name of the Rose by Umberto Eco The Namesake by Jhumpa Lahiri The Nanny Diaries by Emma McLaughlin Nervous System: Or, Losing My Mind in Literature by Jan Lars Jensen New Poems of Emily Dickinson by Emily Dickinson The New Way Things Work by David Macaulay. Nickel and Dimed by Barbara Ehrenreich Night by Elie Wiesel Northanger Abbey by Jane Austen – read The Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism by William E. Cain, Laurie A. Finke, Barbara E. Johnson, John P. McGowan Novels 1930-1942: Dance Night/Come Back to Sorrento, Turn, Magic Wheel/Angels on Toast/A Time to be Born by Dawn Powell Notes of a Dirty Old Man by Charles Bukowski Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck Old School by Tobias Wolff Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens On the Road by Jack Kerouac One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovitch by Alexander Solzhenitsyn One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest by Ken Kesey. One Hundred Years of Solitude by Gabriel Garcia Marquez The Opposite of Fate: Memories of a Writing Life by Amy Tan Oracle Night by Paul Auster Oryx and Crake by Margaret Atwood Othello by Shakespeare – read Our Mutual Friend by Charles Dickens The Outbreak of the Peloponnesian War by Donald Kagan Out of Africa by Isac Dineson The Outsiders by S. E. Hinton A Passage to India by E. M. Forster The Peace of Nicias and the Sicilian Expedition by Donald Kagan The Perks of Being a Wallflower by Stephen Chbosky Peyton Place by Grace Metalious The Picture of Dorian Gray by Oscar Wilde Pigs at the Trough by Arianna Huffington. Pinocchio by Carlo Collodi Please Kill Me: The Uncensored Oral History of Punk Legs McNeil and Gillian McCain The Polysyllabic Spree by Nick Hornby – read The Portable Dorothy Parker by Dorothy Parker The Portable Nietzche by Fredrich Nietzche The Price of Loyalty: George W. Bush, the White House, and the Education of Paul O’Neill by Ron Suskind Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen Property by Valerie Martin Pushkin: A Biography by T. J. Binyon Pygmalion by George Bernard Shaw Quattrocento by James Mckean A Quiet Storm by Rachel Howzell Hall Rapunzel by Grimm Brothers – read The Raven by Edgar Allan Poe. The Razor’s Edge by W. Somerset Maugham Reading Lolita in Tehran: A Memoir in Books by Azar Nafisi Rebecca by Daphne du Maurier Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm by Kate Douglas Wiggin The Red Tent by Anita Diamant Rescuing Patty Hearst: Memories From a Decade Gone Mad by Virginia Holman The Return of the King: The Lord of the Rings Book 3 by J. R. R. Tolkien R Is for Ricochet by Sue Grafton Rita Hayworth by Stephen King Robert’s Rules of Order by Henry Robert Roman Fever by Edith Wharton Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare A Room of One’s Own by Virginia Woolf A Room with a View by E. M. Forster Rosemary’s Baby by Ira Levin Sacred Time by Ursula Hegi Sanctuary by William Faulkner Savage Beauty: The Life of Edna St. Vincent Millay by Nancy Milford The Scarecrow of Oz by Frank L. Baum The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne Seabiscuit: An American Legend by Laura Hillenbrand The Second Sex by Simone de Beauvoir The Secret Life of Bees by Sue Monk Kidd Secrets of the Flesh: A Life of Colette by Judith Thurman Selected Letters of Dawn Powell: 1913-1965 by Dawn Powell Sense and Sensibility by Jane Austen A Separate Peace by John Knowles Several Biographies of Winston Churchill. Sexus by Henry Miller The Shadow of the Wind by Carlos Ruiz Zafon Shane by Jack Shaefer The Shining by Stephen King Siddhartha by Hermann Hesse S Is for Silence by Sue Grafton Slaughter-house Five by Kurt Vonnegut Small Island by Andrea Levy – on my book pile Snows of Kilimanjaro by Ernest Hemingway Snow White and Rose Red by Grimm Brothers Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World by Barrington Moore The Song of Names by Norman Lebrecht Song of the Simple Truth: The Complete Poems of Julia de Burgos by Julia de Burgos The Song Reader by Lisa Tucker. Songbook by Nick Hornby The Sonnets by William Shakespeare Sonnets from the Portuegese by Elizabeth Barrett Browning Sophie’s Choice by William Styron The Sound and the Fury by William Faulkner Speak, Memory by Vladimir Nabokov Stiff: The Curious Lives of Human Cadavers by Mary Roach The Story of My Life by Helen Keller A Streetcar Named Desiree by Tennessee Williams Stuart Little by E. B. White Sun Also Rises by Ernest Hemingway Swann’s Way by Marcel Proust Swimming with Giants: My Encounters with Whales, Dolphins and Seals by Anne Collett Sybil by Flora Rheta Schreiber. A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens Tender Is The Night by F. Scott Fitzgerald Term of Endearment by Larry McMurtry Time and Again by Jack Finney The Time Traveler’s Wife by Audrey Niffenegger To Have and Have Not by Ernest Hemingway To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee The Tragedy of Richard III by William Shakespeare A Tree Grows in Brooklyn by Betty Smith The Trial by Franz Kafka The True and Outstanding Adventures of the Hunt Sisters by Elisabeth Robinson Truth Beauty: A Friendship by Ann Patchett Tuesdays with Morrie by Mitch Albom – read Ulysses by James Joyce. The Unabridged Journals of Sylvia Plath 1950-1962 by Sylvia Plath Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe – started and not finished Unless by Carol Shields Valley of the Dolls by Jacqueline Susann The Vanishing Newspaper by Philip Meyers Vanity Fair by William Makepeace Thackeray – read Velvet Underground’s The Velvet Underground and Nico (Thirty Three and a Third series) by Joe Harvard The Virgin Suicides by Jeffrey Eugenides Waiting for Godot by Samuel Beckett Walden by Henry David Thoreau Walt Disney’s Bambi by Felix Salten War and Peace by Leo Tolstoy. We Owe You Nothing – Punk Planet: The Collected Interviews edited by Daniel Sinker What Colour is Your Parachute? 2005 by Richard Nelson Bolles What Happened to Baby Jane by Henry Farrell When the Emperor Was Divine by Julie Otsuka Who Moved My Cheese? Spencer Johnson Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf by Edward Albee – read Wicked: The Life and Times of the Wicked Witch of the West by Gregory Maguire The Wizard of Oz by Frank L. Baum Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte The Yearling by Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings The Year of Magical Thinking by Joan Didion A Confederacy of Dunces by John Kennedy.

Guerrillas in Arkansas Essay Example for Free

Guerrillas in Arkansas Essay During the American Civil War, there were such things called guerrillas. No, I am not talking about the muscular black creatures that hide in the jungle. Though that is exactly how the Confederate independent companies got there name. Where and when did guerrilla warfare begin? Who did it involve? Who were these so called guerrillas and what was there strategy? Did certain Military commanders in Arkansas make an impact on the use of guerrillas? What were the strategies that Federals and Unionists used to stop guerrilla warfare? Daniel Sutherland’s Guerrillas: The Real War In Arkansas explains how partisan fighters helped shape the strategic and tactical patterns of the war. Shows us the reasons men became guerrillas, their roles in the Confederate service, and the guerrilla operations effectiveness. First off, guerrilla warfare began in February 1862 after Federal forces infiltrated as far south as Fayetteville and Batesville. In self-defense, Arkansans became guerrillas and started skirmishes. Guerrillas were formed with men who had been serving outside Arkansas in Confederate units or away from their family and homes. Not to be a traitor or do what they pleased but men often left the paper army to fight near their homes, where it matter most! Federal soldiers easily outnumbered and overpowered local defenses because Confederate government did not commit nearly enough troops to Arkansas. These guerrillas were shadow warriors and ghosts who struck Federal soldiers and Unionist flanks and rears. Guerrilla ambushes and midnight raids in Arkansas was how the Civil War was fought. Not a war within the war, but THE WAR. Secondly, General Earl Van Dorn became the first Confederate commander to endorse the use of Arkansas guerrillas in May 1862. After Van Dorn’s retreat from Pea Ridge, he has little choice for hundreds of men deserted to fight in isolated bands in northwest Arkansas. In June 1862, General Thomas C. Hindman, commander of the Confederacy’s Trans-Mississippi District, gave his final blessing to the formal organization of independent companies or â€Å"guerrillas. In theory, companies were to be governed by the same regulations as other regular troops, and elect their own officers. Arkansas’s terrain of mountains and deep rivers favored guerrilla actions in the north, and swamps in the south. The most costly economic factors and the most annoying of all guerrilla strategies were the suffering of river traffic and confiscation of its cargo. Guerrillas would hold the boats, take the cargo, and serve as commissaries to the interior. Last, what were the Federal soldiers and Unionist going to do to stop guerrilla warfare? Because up until the end of the war the United States government were basically supplying the Confederates and fighting them at the same time. In 1863, the Federals had released their counter-guerrilla campaign. A campaign that would have several regiments of good troops be raised in Arkansas for a short time to put down guerrillas. The counter-guerrilla acts were successful by reducing the power of Confederate guerrillas. An extensive variety of strategies were played by Federal forces to defeat irregulars in Arkansas. Arkansas Unionist forces were used as anti-guerrilla troops. Forces which used gunboats to control the waterways throughout rivers, and the head marshal’s military system that spied on alleged guerrillas and imprison those caught. By reinforcing that system, the Federal army developed an effective force themselves and defended Confederate raiders strategic targets. In conclusion, guerrilla warfare started because the Federal soldiers and Unionist outnumbered the structured Confederate Army. Protecting those they care about by remaining near their homes while settling family feuds. These guerrillas used tactics such as night raids, bushwhacks, and attacking the flanks and rears of Federal soldiers. General Van Horn and General Hindman backed the idea of forming an independent company called guerrillas after the losing both battles at Pea Ridge and Prairie Grove. Both Generals knew that the Arkansas terrain could give the Confederates an advantage to stop forces moving further south. The United States government basically supplied the Confederate as the same time of fighting. After realization, a counter-guerrilla campaign was put into action to stop Confederate raiders.

Current theories and Models of leadership

Current theories and Models of leadership The topics of leadership and organizational culture have attracted considerable interest from both academics and practitioners. In modern World Leadership is taken as the most influencing factor of an Organization. Leaders are those people who make the organization move through definite path towards the success. As the other topics in the field of Organizational Environment, there are numerous numbers of studies and very relative theories on Leadership. The established study of Leadership includes. Trait Theory Group and Exchange Theory Contingency Theory Path-Goal Trait Theory This theory is all about the traits present in a person. The main objective is to recognize those traits which can produce a good leader. As per the ancient scholars The leaders are born not made. A theory called The Great Person Theory gave the right way to more realistic to the trait approach. This says that these traits are not totally in born but a mixture of nature and nurture means that the factors like Physiology, Society, and Economics have a great impact on the trait of a person which can make him a great leader. Group and Exchange Theory These theories have its root in social psychology. It says the leaders must have followers. And they must have some positive exchange between them i.e. Benefits, Rewards and Costs. A recent study indicates that the leader and followers both affect each other in a great impact. Relevant to the Exchange view an approach are there, Leader-Member Exchange approach is in discussion, these says that Leader treats subordinate differently. In precise the both develop a dynamic relationship which affects the behavior of the both. Contingency Theory This can be treated as the extension of the trait theory which deals with the situational aspect of leadership. Numerous situational variables were identified but no solid theory could be formulated. Fred Feeler test the hypothesis, he had formulated from the previous data findings. He develops a contingency model of leadership effectiveness. This contains the relationship between Leadership style and Favorableness of the situation. There are some dimensions: The Leader Member relationship. The degree of the task structure. The Leaders position and power. As per this theory the trainers is taught to diagnosis the situation to change it at optimization leadership style which match the situation. Some of the ways are as follows: Spending more informal time with the follower. Discuss task structure with them. Raise the position power Path Goal Theory This theory has been derived from the motivational theory. The path goal theory attempts to explain the impact of the leader behavior has on subordinate motivation, satisfaction and performance. These are of four major types. Directive Leadership Participative Leadership Achievement oriented Leadership Using these for types on the situational factor the leader attempt to influence subordinates perception and motivation. In other word the leader attempts to make the path to the goal for the subordinate as smooth AS possible. But the leader must depend on the situational variables present. We were been discussing the traditional theories there are some other theories which has immerged most recently: Charismatic Transformational Autocratic Transactional Are some important of theories which are in discussion. Charismatic The sociologist Max Weber described charismatic authority as resting on devotion to the exceptional sanctity, heroism or exemplary character of an individual person, and of the normative patterns or order revealed or ordained by him. Charismatic authority is one of three forms of authority laid out in Webers tripartite classification of authority, the other two being traditional authority and rational-legal authority. The concept has acquired wide usage among sociologists. Charismatic authority is power legitimized on the basis of a leaders exceptional personal qualities or the demonstration of extraordinary insight and accomplishment, which inspire loyalty and obedience from followers. As such, it rests almost entirely on the leader; the absence of that leader for any reason can lead to the authoritys power dissolving. However, due to its idiosyncratic nature and lack of formal organization, charismatic authority depends much more strongly on the perceived legitimacy of the authority than Webers other forms of authority. For instance, a charismatic leader in a religious context might require an unchallenged belief that the leader has been touched by God, in the sense of a guru or prophet. Should the strength of this belief fade, the power of the charismatic leader can fade quickly, which is one of the ways in which this form of authority shows itself to be unstable. In contrast to the current popular use of the term charismatic leader, Weber saw chari smatic authority not so much as character traits of the charismatic leader but as a relationship between the leader and his followers much in the same way that Freud would transform Gustave Le Bons crowd psychology through the notion of identification and of an Ideal of the Ego. The validity of charisma is founded on its recognition by the leaders followers (or adepts A hanger). This recognition is not (in authentic charisma) the grounds of legitimate, but a duty, for those who are chosen, in virtue of this call and of its confirmation, to recognize this quality. Recognition which is, psychologically, a completely personal abandon, full of faith, born either from enthusiasm or from necessity and hope. No prophet has seen his quality Charismatic leadership is leadership based on the leaders ability to communicate and behave in ways that reach followers on a basic, emotional way, to inspire and motivate. We often speak of some sports and political leaders as charismatic (or not) an example being John F. Kennedy. Its difficult to identify the characteristics that make a leader charismatic, but they certainly include the ability to communicate on a very powerful emotional level, and probably include some personality traits. Developing charisma is difficult, if not impossible for many people, but luckily charismatic leadership is not essential to be an effective leader. Many other characteristics are involved in leading effectively, and there is significant evidence to indicate that it simply is not necessary to have this elusive charisma to lead others well. Relying on charisma to lead also can be problematic. For example, there have been many charismatic leaders who lack other leadership characteristics and skills (e.g. integrity) and lead their followers into situations that turn out horribly think political leaders such as Stalin, Hitler, and even business leaders (Enron). Finally, in organizations lead by charismatic leaders, there is a major problem regarding succession. What happens when a leader who relies on charisma leaves? Often the organization founders because the ability to lead rested with one persons charisma. Transformational Transformational leadership is defined as a leadership approach that engenders change in individuals and social systems. In its ideal form, it creates valuable and positive change in the followers with the end goal of developing followers into leaders. Enacted in its authentic form, transformational leadership enhances the motivation, morale and performance of his followers through a variety of mechanisms. These include connecting the followers sense of identity and self to the mission and the collective identity of the organization; being a role model for followers that inspires them; challenging followers to take greater ownership for their work, and understanding the strengths and weaknesses of followers, so the leader can align followers with tasks that optimize their performance. James MacGregor Burns (1978) [1] first introduced the concept of transforming leadership in his descriptive research on political leaders, but this term is now used in organizational psychology as well. According to Burns, transforming leadership is a process in which leaders and followers help each other to advance to a higher level of morale and motivation. Burns related to the difficulty in differentiation between management and leadership and claimed that the differences are in characteristics and behaviors. He established two concepts: transforming leadership and transactional leadership. According to Burns, the transforming approach creates significant change in the life of people and organizations. It redesigns perceptions and values, and changes expectations and aspirations of employees. Unlike in the transactional approach, it is not based on a give and take relationship, but on the leaders personality, traits and ability to make a change through example, articulation of an energizing vision and challenging goals. Transforming leaders are idealized in the sense that they are a moral exemplar of working towards the benefit of the team, organization and/or community. Burns theorized that transforming and transactional leadership was mutually exclusive styles. Now 30 years of research and a number of meta-analyses have shown that transformational and transactional leadership positively predicts a wide variety of performance outcomes including individual, group and organizational level variables The transformational leadership introduces four elements of full range of leadership: Individualized Consideration Intellectual Stimulation Inspirational Motivation Autocratic An autocratic leadership style is one of domination and repression, similar to a dictatorship. This type of leadership maximally founded in an administration of a country. There are historical examples of the disadvantages and oppression of an autocratic leadership style. Adolf Hitler, Joseph Stalin and Fidel Castro are examples of the autocratic leadership style. Hitler and his administration were accountable for the deaths of millions of Jewish people. Stalin killed more than 3 million people through famines, executions and forced labor. Castro has total control over Cubas resources, resulting in food rationing and attempts by numerous residents to flee the country. An autocratic leader tells people what to do, issues orders and expects them to be abide by. It is said to be suitable to use an autocratic leadership style in definite situations in an urgent situation and when only the leader can make the decision. For example, only the leader can decide who to hire fire and promote. If the substitute to being autocratic is participative leadership, then it is clear that employees in most organizations dont have a say in how much the salary should be after getting promoted. Today, leadership still has some ancient and paternalistic fundamentals. We now expect people in charge of us to respect our opinions and to engage us in making important decisions. But we still generally prefer only one person to be in on the whole charge and we want that person to live up to certain paternalistic ideals. This form of leadership, however, is breaking down because there is a clash between the desire for leaders who know what they are doing and the realities of modern complexity and rapid change. The regular way to cheat this predicament is to say that leadership no longer means calling the shots, to say instead that it means being a good facilitator and coach. When leadership is defined as promoting fresh directions and is not connected with position, then there is no longer any such thing as autocratic leadership. Yes, the person in charge of a group can make independent decisions but this is decision-making action, not leadership. On this view, leadership is always based on unofficial pressure or influence. Leadership can also be shown by example. The allusion of this move is that any time an executive makes a decision that affects the groups interests or direction, the executive introduced as a manager but not showing leadership. In other words, leadership cannot be shown by telling people what to do. Still managers need to be autocratic at times, such as emergency and to decide conflict that cannot be resolved in any other way Transactional Transactional leadership is a term used to classify a formally known group leadership theories that inquire the interactions between leaders and followers. A transactional leader focuses more on a series of transactions. These people is interested in looking out for oneself, having exchange benefits with their subordinates and clarify a sense of duty with rewards and punishments to reach goals. Transactional leaders believe that people are motivated by reward or punishment. These leaders give clear instructions to followers about what their expectations are and when those expectations are fulfilled there are rewards in store for them and failure is severely punished. They allocate work to subordinates whether resources are there or absent. Transactional leadership is based in contingency, in that reward or punishment is contingent upon performance. Despite much research that highlights its limitations, Transactional Leadership is still a popular approach with many managers. Indeed, in the Leadership vs. Management spectrum, it is very much towards the management end of the scale. The main limitation is the assumption of rational man, a person who is largely motivated by money and simple reward, and hence whose behavior is predictable. The underlying psychology is Behaviorism, including the Classical Conditioning of Pavlov and Skinners Operant Conditioning. These theories are largely based on controlled laboratory experiments (often with animals) and ignore complex emotional factors and social values. In practice, there is sufficient truth in Behaviorism to sustain Transactional approaches. This is reinforced by the supply-and-demand situation of much employment, coupled with the effects of deeper needs, as in Maslows Hierarchy. When the demand for a skill outstrips the supply, then Transactional Leadership often is insufficient, and other approaches are more effective. The transactional leader works through creating clear structures whereby it is clear what is required of their subordinates, and the rewards that they get for following orders. Punishments are not always mentioned, but they are also well-understood and formal systems of discipline are usually in place. The early stage of Transactional Leadership is in negotiating the contract whereby the subordinate is given a salary and other benefits, and the company (and by implication the subordinates manager) gets authority over the subordinate. When the Transactional Leader allocates work to a subordinate, they are considered to be fully responsible for it, whether or not they have the resources or capability to carry it out. When things go wrong, then the subordinate is considered to be personally at fault, and is punished for their failure (just as they are rewarded for succeeding). The transactional leader often uses management by exception, working on the principle that if something is operating to defined (and hence expected) performance then it does not need attention. Exceptions to expectation require praise and reward for exceeding expectation, whilst some kind of corrective action is applied for performance below expectation. Whereas Transformational Leadership has more of a selling style, Transactional Leadership, once the contract is in place, takes a telling style. Transactional leaders must understand what motivates their employees. Ensure employees understand the reward system and how they can achieve the rewards. Ensure that both reward and punishment systems are in place and are consistently exercised. Provide constructive feedback throughout the work process. Ensure that rewards and recognition are provided in a timely manner. Situational Leadership Theory Paul Hersey and Kenneth Blanchard developed the situational model of leadership relates four different leadership styles to the followers confidence and ability to carry it out. Most of the leadership training programs offered today attempt to help you discover the leadership style you exhibit and make you aware of its strengths and weaknesses.   However, a situational leadership style is not dictated by the leadership skills of the manager. The idea of situational leadership  is more closely tied to using the style needed to be successful given the existing work environment being managed or the specific needs of the business. The effective manager is able to utilize multiple leadership styles as conditions change.   This is the theory behind the concept of situational leadership.   Implementing situational leadership in an organization then becomes a matter of training managers to recognize the current work setting or employee situation and using the most effective leadership style given that specific challenge. For example, delegating work to an employee that is ill prepared to accept that responsibility may result in the impression that the worker is incompetent.   This can lead to frustration for both the manager and worker.   Ironically, in some situations it is actually the managers inability to recognize the most effective leadership style, or refusal to switch styles, that is really the cause of an ineffective workforce. Importance of the Leadership-Performance Relationship During the past four decades, the impact of leadership styles on organizational performance has been a topic of interest among academics and practitioners working in the area of leadership. The style of leadership adopted is considered by some researchers to be particularly important in achieving organizational goals, and in evoking performance among subordinates Despite the widespread recognition of the significance and value of leadership, when studying the leadership literature, it is remarkable that the concept of leadership lacks consistency and agreement. Most of the leadership literature confuses the definition of effective leadership by failing to make clear distinctions in some definitions, such as between leaders and non-leaders, effective and ineffective leaders, as well as overlooking the definition of the levels of leadership Further, there has been limited research that has specifically addressed the relationship between leadership behavior and organizational performanc e. Despite these oversights, it is widely believed that leadership creates the vital link between organizational effectiveness and peoples performance at an organizational level Substantial numbers of management scholars have debated the effectiveness of leadership styles and behaviors In addition, much prior research has examined the assumed leadership-performance relationship, but it has examined a restricted number of leadership paradigms. This implies that different leadership paradigms could affect performance differently, depending on the context. Thus, when researching the leadership-performance relationship, the context needs to be taken into account and more paradigms need to be considered. Moreover, there are methodological problems with most existing studies. The majority of field studies have been cross-sectional in design, and the common-method bias often has been a problem when performance has been Measured Link between Leadership and Organizational Performance Several reasons indicate that there should be a relationship between leadership and performance. The first reason relates to practice. Todays intensive, dynamic markets feature innovation-based competition, Price/performance rivalry, decreasing returns, and the creative destruction of existing competencies. Scholars and practitioners suggest that effective leadership behaviors can facilitate the improvement of performance when organizations face these new challenges Understanding the effects of leadership on performance is also important because leadership is viewed by some researchers as one of the key driving forces for improving a firms performance. Effective leadership is seen as a potent source of management development and sustained competitive advantage for organizational performance improvement. For example, transactional leadership helps organizations achieve their current objectives more efficiently by linking job performance to valued rewards and by ensuring employees have the resources needed to get the job done . Visionary Leaders create a strategic vision of some future state, communicate that vision through framing and use of metaphor, model the vision by acting consistently, and build commitment towards the vision. Some scholars suggest that visionary leadership will result in high levels of cohesion, commitment, trust, motivation, and hence performance in the new organizational environments. According to Mehra when some organizations seek efficient ways to enable them to outperform others, a longstanding approach is to focus on the effects of leadership. This is because team leaders are believed to play a pivotal role in shaping collective norms, helping teams cope with their environments, and coordinating collective action. This leader-centered perspective has provided valuable insights into the relationship between leadership and team performance. Some researchers have started to explore the strategic role of leadership, and investigate how to employ leadership paradigms and use leadership behavior to improve organizational performance. The reason for this is because intangible assets such as leadership styles, culture, skill and competence, and motivation are seen increasingly as key sources of strength in those firms that can combine people and processes and organizational performance. Previous research leads to the expectation that leadership paradigms will have dir ect effects on customer satisfaction, staff satisfaction, and financial performance. However, in general, the effects of leadership on organizational performance have not been well studied, according to House and Adytas review. House and Adyta (1997) criticized leadership studies for focusing excessively on superior-subordinate relationships to the exclusion of several other functions that leaders perform, and to the exclusion of organizational and environmental variables that are crucial to mediate the leadership-performance relationship. A further problem with existing leadership research is that the results depend on the level of analysis. House and Adyta (1997) distinguished micro-level research that focuses on the leader in relation to his or her subordinates and immediate superiors, and macro-level research that focuses on the total organization and its environment. Other scholars also suggest that leaders and their leadership style influence both their subordinates and organizational outcomes. Selection of Leadership development Initiatives The models and competency frameworks detailed in the previous section are, in most cases, used as a basis for the development of leadership and management development provision within organizations as well as appraisal and performance review. It is beyond the scope of this report to offer a detailed review of the associated programmers and the range of leadership and management development initiatives available, however, we would like to introduce a number of approaches that we feel are particularly interesting in the manner in which they seek to develop the behaviors, skills and attitudes of leaders. National and International Learning Experiences: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Development Assignments (Lancaster University Management School) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Transformational Thinking (Manchester University) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Study Tour to Canada (Kings Fund) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Duality Leadership Programmed (University of Birmingham) Action Learning Sets (Nelson and Peddler) Modular Programmes: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Experienced Chief Executives Development Programmed (Kings Fund and Lancaster University Management School) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Drive for Results (Manchester University) Findings Prior to the examination of associations between leadership style, organizational culture, and performance, a phase of data reduction was necessary. The construction of meaningful indices was initiated by the use of principal components analysis with Varian rotation. Factor analysis was deemed necessary since it was considered prudent statistically to ascertain whether the adopted measures of organizational culture and leadership style captured differing dimensions of culture and style. The principal components analysis of items pertaining to organizational culture and items relating to leadership style were conducted individually. It was not necessary to delete items from the analysis due to lack of variation or because of problems of interpretation. Leadership Styles with Examples An autocratic leader is the one who believes in taking all the vital decisions himself. It is the leader who decides how the work has to be done and by whom. Once the decision has been made, there is no scope of any modify. The subordinates simply carry on with the works assigned to them. They are not allowed to give any input on the topic of how they should do their work or perform daily behavior. Every detail is pre-decided by the leader himself. In case some changes in the work agenda have to be made, they are made by the leader without consulting any one else. Autocratic leadership style works well if the leader is proficient and knowledgeable adequate to decide about each and every thing. Reliable is considered one of the most effective leadership styles in case there is some disaster situation and quick decisions need to be taken. If there is no time left for discussion or weighing various options, then this type of leadership style gives the best results. Authoritarian leadership styles examples can be found in the real world in people like Bill Gates and John F Kennedy. Bill Gates followed the authoritarian leadership style and steered Microsoft towards enormous success. According to Bill Gates, he had a vision when he took reins of the company and then used all the resources available to make that vision a reality. His success can be judged from the way personal computers industry has advanced in America today. Participative Participative leadership style involves the leader taking into consideration the opinions of some of his employees before arriving at the final decision. This leadership style earns the leader immense respect and loyalty among his subordinates, as they feel that their opinions matter too. This leadership style is useful for the leader as he gets to see a given situation from all directions, before deciding on the final course of action. This leadership style works really well in situations when the leader does not know everything and he relies on his subordinates knowledge for taking decisions. The biggest advantage of this leadership and management style is that it helps in ascertaining and identifying future leaders among the subordinates. Also, it keeps a teams spirit and morale high, as the team members feel that their opinions are valued by their leader. Heres a participative leadership styles examples An advertising manager approaches his team members on how to promote a particular product of a company. The team members brain storm over the issue, some suggest print media, and others suggest direct mails to the prospective clients. The participative leader takes all these suggestions, weighs their pros and cons and then takes the final decision after considering his team members opinions. Case Study This case is about the charismatic and controversial former captain of the Indian national cricket team, Sourav Ganguly. The case outlines the emergence of Ganguly as a leader, his stunning rise and later fall from grace. Ganguly became the captain of the team in 2000, when it was in a deep crisis. Over the next few years, with the help of the coach John Wright, he soon turned the team into a combative unit. His team building skills, impartiality and, guts displayed in supporting his team members through thick and thin, endeared him to the team. Experts credited him with instilling a sense of aggression in the team. Ganguly soon became the most successful captain in the history of Indian cricket. The case also discusses the fall of Ganguly in 2005 and his public spat with Coach Greg Chappell (Chappell) which led to his exit from the team. Since age was not on his side, few felt that Ganguly could make a comeback into the team. But Ganguly refused to announce his retirement and contin ued to fight to win back his place in the team despite all the odds. In 2000, when Ganguly took over as captain, Indian cricket was at its nadir. The match fixing scandal had taken its toll with some senior players including former captain Mohammed Azharuddin and cricketer Ajay Jadeja being banned from the game. The morale of the team was at an all-time low. The team, considered tigers at home, had just lost its first home series in many years to South Africa. In fact, Ganguly was not the first choice for the captaincy. He got the job as Tendulkar was reluctant to take on the additional responsibility of captaincy. Gangulys problems were compounded in the end of September 2005, when Dalmiya was defeated by Pawar in the BCCI elections. On the same day of winning the elections, Pawar axed the selectors who had been sympathetic to Ganguly. It was widely believed that Gangulys era was over. The selection committee led by more appointed Dravid as captain. In October 2005, Ganguly was dropped from the ODI squad. In November 2005, Ganguly was sacked as captain of the Indian test squad. With the doors to the team being shut, Ganguly was forced to spend time playing domestic cricket. Experts felt that while his audacity and habit of speaking his mind had earned him respect in cricketing circles, they had also served to make him a lot of enemies w The Fighter Refuses to Quit. Despite all the criticism, when Ganguly was dropped from the squad, many Indian fans, especially fans in his home state West Bengal were upset. There was also a sympathy wave for Ganguly. Gangulys fan following knew no national borders. Even in Pakistan, he had a huge fan following though he performed exceedingly well against the archrivals. Whenever I ndian journalists went to Pakistan, the fans asked about Ganguly and expressed their displeasure at how he had been treated by his countrymen. Despite all the criticism, when Ganguly was dropped from the squad, many Indian fans, especially fans in his home state West Bengal were upset. There was also a sympathy wave for Ganguly. Gangulys fan following knew no national borders. Even in Pakistan, he had a huge fan following though he performed exceedingly well against the archrivals. Whenever Indian journalists went to Pakistan, the fans asked about Ganguly and expressed their displeasure at how he had been treated by his countrymen.

Process Essay - How an Aerosol Can Works -- Expository Process Essays

How an Aerosol Can Works   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   At one time or another, most of us have probably used an aerosol can.   With just a push of the button, we easily and quickly apply just the right amount of furniture polish, bathtub cleanser, or underarm deodorant.   It is obvious to us that the aerosol can is more convenient than the old-fashioned jars of liquid polish or cans of powdered cleanser, which can spill or be applied too thickly.   At the same time, however, most of us probably do not know how the aerosol can works.   We accept its ease and convenience without realizing that the aerosol can is quite a complex container.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   An aerosol is not a simple cleaner or polish; it is a colloidal system.   That means it consists of finely divided liquid or solid particles, called a product, dispersed in and surrounded by a gas.   The most commonly used gases, or propellants, are chlorinated hydrocarbons, butane, propane, isobutane, vinyl chloride, and nitrogen.   Nitrogen is used particularly for products when the taste or smell of the propellant is not desired in the product, for ex...

Women and Fiction in The Yellow Wallpaper -- Yellow Wallpaper essays

Women and Fiction in The Yellow Wallpaper      Ã‚   Charlotte Perkins Gilman's "The Yellow Wallpaper" is a deceptively simple story.   It is easy to follow the thirteen pages of narrative and conclude the protagonist as insane.   This is a fair judgement, after all no healthy minded individual becomes so caught up with "hideous" and "infuriating" wallpaper to lose sleep over it, much less lock herself in a room to tear the wallpaper down.   To be able to imagine such things as "broken necks" and "bulbous eyes" in the wallpaper is understandable, irrational and erratic designs can form rational patterns in our minds, but to see a woman locked inside of the "bars" of the wallpaper and attempt to rescue her seems altogether crazy.   Her fascination with the wallpaper does seem odd to us, but it easy to focus on the eccentricity of her interest with paper and lose sight of what the wallpaper institutes: her writing.   It is her writing that keeps her sane, the wallpaper that makes her insane, and from these two very sym bolic poles the short story rotates.   Gilman's short story is not simply about a lonely woman's descent into madness, but is symbolic of previous and contemporary women writer's attempt to overcome the "madness" and bias of the established, male dominated literary society that surrounds them.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   From the very beginning of the narrator's vacation, the surroundings seem not right.   There is "something queer" about the mansion where she resides it becomes obvious that her attempt to rest from her untold illness will not follow as planned.   The house is an "ancestral" and "hereditary estate...long untenanted" invoking fanciful gothic images of a "haunted house" (3).   The house they choose to reside in for the three... ...  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "The Yellow Wallpaper" is not simply a story of a woman whose imagination drives her insane, it is a symbolic story of the woman writer who wishes to free herself from the conventions of the male dominated literary world.   Gilman's proposes that women can achieve such status that they deserve, but that they must first acknowledge and see truthfully the "madness" surroundings, the tenets created by men, and become driven by the "madness" to overcome it.   It is not impossible, but an uphill battle won by many others.   Charlotte Perkins Gilman is proof of this: her work is wholly a part of the literary canon, among the best of her male peers.    Though this be madness, yet there is method in 't -Shakespeare    WORK CITED    Perkins, Charlotte Perkins. The Charlotte Perkins Gilman Reader. Editor Ann J. Lane. New York: Pantheon, 1980.